@article {2573,
	title = {Audio Watermarking through Deterministic plus Stochastic Signal Decomposition},
	journal = {EURASIP Journal on Information Security},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {Volume 2007, Article ID 75961, 12 pages},
	abstract = {<p>\&nbsp;This paper describes an audio watermarking scheme based on  sinusoidal signal modeling. To embed a watermark in an original\&nbsp;signal  (referred to as a cover signal hereafter), the following steps are  taken. (a) A short-time Fourier transform is applied to the\&nbsp;cover  signal. (b) Prominent spectral peaks are identified and removed. (c)  Their frequencies are subjected to quantization index\&nbsp;modulation. (d)  Quantized spectral peaks are added back to the spectrum. (e) Inverse  Fourier transform and overlap-adding\&nbsp;produce a watermarked signal. To  decode the watermark, frequencies of prominent spectral peaks are  estimated by quadratic\&nbsp;interpolation on themagnitude spectrum.  Afterwards, a maximum-likelihood procedure determines the binary value  embedded in\&nbsp;each frame. Results of testing against lossy compression,  low- and highpass filtering, reverberation, and stereo-to-mono  reduction\&nbsp;are reported. A Hamming code is adopted to reduce the bit  error rate (BER), and ways to improve sound quality are suggested  as\&nbsp;future research directions.</p>},
	keywords = {sinusoidal modeling, Watermarking},
	url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/is/2007/075961.abs.html},
	author = {Liu, Yi-Wen and Julius O. Smith}
}
